![]() Instead of copying the entire page again, which would be costly and time consuming, they make a note of the missing passage. This usually happens when the scribe originally skips a word, a phrase or a sentence and later notices that they made a mistake. In the first case, the text is corrected by adding a missing sentence in the outer margin. Here are three examples of interventions from folio 17v: Since this second hand mostly adds corrections to the main text, we can be fairly certain that they were checking the copied text against the exemplar. In the case of MS C49, most of the marginal and interlinear additions and corrections seem to have been made by the same hand, either the scribe who copied the text or a contemporary who could have been another scribe, an editor or a reader. It is possible to discern how this methodology works even when the copyediting or proofreading is done electronically, for example, via Microsoft Word Track Changes or Adobe Acrobat Comments.Įxamples of marginal and interlinear interventions on folios 16v-17r. See, for example, the Proofreader’s Marks provided by the Chicago Manual of Style. Centuries later, similar practices are still in place today in the academic and publishing worlds. Interventions and alterations of any kind to the main text frequently also included the use of different types of signs. During both of these processes, if they encountered a missing word or a phrase, or a discrepancy, they would note this down, usually in the margins of the manuscript and sometimes in between the lines. Sometimes, they would also check the copy they had against another copy of the same text, especially if they thought what was copied was not reliable or there was lacuna in the exemplar. This was to ensure that the copy of the text was correct and complete, similar to modern proofreading and copyediting practices. After the copying of a text in a manuscript, for example, often scribes or others working with them would check the copy against the exemplar, the manuscript from which the copy was made. There can be several reasons for marginalia in a manuscript some are left by the scribes of the manuscripts and others by the readers or later owners of the manuscripts, such as the ownership inscription on folio 1r. Click image to enlarge, and see the Digital Scriptorium for additional images from this manuscript.Īll text and marks in the margins of a manuscript are collectively called marginalia. Italy (?), third quarter of the fifteenth century (?). Sextus Pythagoreus, Sententiae, translated by Rufinus of Aquileia, and Laurentius Pisanus, Enchiridion. Opening of the manuscript and the unidentified ownership inscription on folio 1r. In MS C49, the text opens with an extended version of Rufinus’s preface, and even though the sayings are copied as if they were a prose text and not numbered, they can be easily identified as each saying begins with a capital letter highlighted in red. The Latin translation by Rufinus of Aquileia in the late fourth or early fifth century, which includes 451 of these sayings, is mostly literal, although there are alterations to the text as with any late antique or medieval translation. Originally written in Greek in the late second or early third century, the Sententiae by Sextus Pythagoreus includes about 500 sayings. ![]() In addition to this ownership inscription, there is a series of other writings and markings in MS C49, especially in the margins of the first part of the manuscript which contains the Sententiae. We do not have any information on the exact origin or the history of the manuscript, except for an unidentified ownership inscription in the lower margin on folio 1r, which indicates that the manuscript once belonged to a Philippus (“Iste liber est dni Philippi ”: This book belongs to master Philippus. The manuscript was copied by a single scribe, probably in the third quarter of the fifteenth century in Italy, and it probably is still in its original binding. Considering its age, MS C49 is in relatively good condition despite heavy water damage that caused discoloration of parchment on the upper part of the manuscript towards the fore-edge. ![]() Both works are collections of sayings, usually of moral nature, and the genre of sententiae (i.e., sentences) goes back to the classical times. ![]() Kenneth Spencer Research Library MS C49 contains copies of two works which were originally composed a millennium apart: the translation of Sextus Pythagoreus’s Sententiae from Greek into Latin by Rufinus of Aquileia (345–410) and the Enchiridion by Laurentius Pisanus (approximately 1391–1465). Each month she will be writing about a manuscript she has worked with and the current KU Library catalog records will be updated in accordance with her findings. Kıvılcım Yavuz is conducting research on pre-1600 manuscripts at the Kenneth Spencer Research Library.
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